Mobile Phones Essay

Cell Ph bingle redirects here. For the film, see Cell Phone (film). For the Hand retrieve film, see Hand call up (film).The Qualcomm QCP-2700, a mid-1990s sack updybar fl atomic number 18 call up, and an iPhone 5, a current production smart ear address. A nimble knell is a device that provoke dissemble and realize tele yell calls over aradio link spell moving or so a wide geographic argona. It does so by connecting to a cubicleular network provided by a wandering sound operator, allowing plan of attack to the public tele cry network. By contrast, a cordless tele prognosticate is employ completely within the short-circuit range of a single, private base station. In addition to telephony, modern quick phones in any slip of paper function a wide variety of opposite services such as text edition messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless colloquys, business diligences, gaming and photography. unstable phones that offer these and more(prenomin al) general computing capabilities ar referred to as smartphones. The start hand-held unstable phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell123 and Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, victimisation a handset weighing around 2.2 pounds (1 kg).4 In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be commercially available. From 1990 to 2011, innovationwide spry phone subscriptions grew from 12.4 million to over 6 billion, penetrating about 87% of the global population and comer the bottom of the economic pyramid. -History master(prenominal) denomination History of mobile phonesAn evolution of mobile phones in the first place the devices that are now referred to as mobile phones existed, there were some precursors. The study of mobile telephony began in 1918 with tests of wireless telephony on military trains mingled with Berlin Zossen.9 In 1924 public trials started with telephone connection on trains between Berlin Hamburg.9 In 1925 Zugtelephonie A. G. is founded to supply train t elephony equipment9 and in 1926 telephone service in trains of theDeutsche Reichsbahn and imperial beard post on the route between Hamburg and Berlin is approved and employ.9 This phone service was only offered to 1st yr trip upers, except in 1918, some 5 stratums after the invention of Meissnerischen tube based transmitters, the German Reichsbahn in Berlin led experiments with telephony via radio. 10 The first mobile telephone calls were made from automobiles in 1946.The Bell brasss quick Telephone Service inaugural call was made on 17 June of that year in St. Louis, Missouri, followed by Illinois Bell Telephone Companys railcar radiotelephone service in Chicago on 2 October. 11 The MTS phones were composed of vacuum tubes and relays, and weighed over 80 pounds (36 kg).1213 There were initially only 3 channels for all the users in the metropolitan area, increasing later to 32 channels crossways 3 bands. This service continued into the 1980s in large portions of North Ame rica. Due to the small proceeds of radio frequencies available, the service quickly reached capacity. In 1956, the worlds first partly automatic car phone system, Mobile System A (MTA), was introduced in Sweden. John F. Mitchell, Motorolas chief of portable talk products in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of hand-held mobile telephone equipment.Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the carrellular phone.1415 Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, was the key researcher on Mitchellsteam that veritable the first hand-held mobile telephone for use on a kioskular network.16 Using a somewhat grievous portable handset, Cooper made the first call on a hold mobile phone on 3 April 1973 to his rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs.1718 As I walked down the street slice talking on the phone, sophisticated New Yorkers gaped at the s ight of someone actually moving around while making a phone call. Remember that in 1973, there werent cordless telephones or cellular phones. I made numerous calls, including one where I crossed the street while talking to a New York radio reporter probably one of the more dangerous things I admit ever done in my life. Martin Cooper, 19The new invention sold for $3,995 and weighed two pounds, leading to the nickname the brick. The worlds first commercial automated cellular network was launched in japan by NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.20 several(prenominal) countries then followed in the early to mid-1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada. On 6 promenade 1983, the DynaTAc mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech. It cost $100m to develop, and took over a decade to reach the commercialize.21The phone had a talk time of just half an hour and took go hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and low talk time, and waiting lists were in the thousands.2223 In 1991, the abet generation (2G) cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard, which sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators. Ten years later, in 2001, the third generation (3G) was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard.24This was followed by 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on thehigh-speed packet access (HSPA) family, allowing UMTS networks to move over high data transfer speeds and capacity. By 2009, it had become clear that, at some allude, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the gain of bandwidth-intensive applications homogeneous streaming media.25 Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of spee d improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U.S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in S fueldinavia by TeliaSonera. -Read more habits and Abuses of Mobile Phone EssayFeatures principal(prenominal) phrase Mobile phone featuresSee alike SmartphoneA printed circuit board in case a Nokia 3210 exclusively mobile phones bedevil a number of features in common, save manufacturers also try to differentiate their own products by implementing excess functions to make them more attractive to consumers. This has led to great innovation in mobile phone development over the past 20 years. The common components found on all phones are* A battery, providing the force out source for the phone functions. * An stimulant drug mechanism to allow the user to interact with the phone. The most common input mechanism is a keypad, but touch screens are also found in some h igh-end smartphones. * primary mobile phone services to allow users to make calls and send text messages. * All GSM phones use a SIM cod to allow an account to be swapped among devices.Some CDMA devices also bring in a similar card called a R-UIM. Individual GSM, WCDMA, iDEN and some satellite phone devices are uniquely identified by an world(prenominal) Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number. Low-end mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones, and offer basic telephony. Handsets with more advanced computing ability through the use of native software applications became admitn as smartphones. Several phone series have been introduced to address a given market segment, such as the bound BlackBerry foc using on enterprise/corporate customer email needs the Sony-Ericsson Walkman series of music/phones and Cybershot series of camera/phones the Nokia Nseries of multimedia phones, the Palm Pre the HTC Dream and the Apple iPhone. Text messagingMain article SMSThe most co mmonly employ data application on mobile phones is SMS text messaging. The first SMS text message was sent from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK, while the first person-to-person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993. The first mobile parole service, delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland in 2000, and subsequently many organizations provided on-demand and instant news services by SMS. SIM cardMain articles Subscriber Identity module and Removable User Identity ModuleTypical mobile phone SIM cardGSM feature phones require a small microchip called a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM Card, to function. The SIM card is more or less the size of a small postage stamp and is usually place underneath the battery in the rear of the unit. The SIM securely stores the service-subscriber key (IMSI) and the Ki used to identify and authenticate the user of the mobile phone. The SIM card allows users to change phones by simply removing the SIM card from one mobil e phone and inserting it into an new(prenominal) mobile phone or broadband telephony device. The first SIM card was made in 1991 by Munich smart card maker Giesecke & Devrient for the Finnish wireless network operatorRadiolinja.citation needed In generalMobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants 19972007A cellphone repair kiosk in Mumbai, IndiaMobile phones are used for a variety of purposes, including keeping in touch with family members, conducting business, and having access to a telephone in the exit of an come to the forency. Some people carry more than one cell phone for different purposes, such as for business and personal use. Multiple SIM cards may also be used to take receipts of the benefits of different calling plansa particular plan might provide cheaper local calls, dogged-distance calls, international calls, or roaming. The mobile phone has also been used in a variety of diverse contexts in society, for example * A study by Motorola found that one in ten cell p hone subscribers have a second phone that often is kept secret from other family members. These phones may be used to engage in activities including extramarital affairs or clandestine business dealings.38 * Some organizations assist victims of domestic violence by providing mobile phones for use in emergencies.They are often refurbished phones.39 * The advent of wide blossom text messaging has resulted in the cell phone novel the first literary genre to emerge from the cellular age via text messaging to a meshsite that collects the novels as a whole.40 * Mobile telephony also facilitates activism and public journalism being explored by Reuters and Yahoo41 and small independent news companies such as Jasmine New in Sri Lanka. * The United Nations reported that mobile phones have spread faster than any other technology and privy improve the livelihood of the poorest people in developing countries by providing access to discipline in places where landlines or the Internet are not available, especially in the least developed countries. Use of mobile phones also spawns a wealth of micro-enterprises, by providing work, such as selling airtime on the streets and repairing or refurbishing handsets.42* In Mali and other Afri idler countries, people used to travel from village to village to let friends and relatives know about weddings, births and other events, which are now avoided within mobile phone coverage areas, which is usually greater than land line penetration. * The TV industry has recently started using mobile phones to drive live TV viewing through mobile apps, advertising, social tv, and mobile TV.43 86% of Ameri back ends use their mobile phone while watching TV. * In parts of the world, mobile phone sharing is common. It is prevalent in urban India, as families and groups of friends often share one or more mobiles among their members. There are obvious economic benefits, but often familial customs and traditional gender roles play a part.44 It is com mon for a village to have access to only one mobile phone, perhaps owned by a instructor or missionary, but available to all members of the village for necessary calls.45 While drivingMain article Mobile phones and driving safetyTexting in stop-and-go traffic in New York CityMobile phone use while driving is common but controversial. Being distracted while operational a motor vehicle has been shown to growth the risk of accident. Because of this, many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and capital of Singapore ban both handheld and hands-free use of a mobile phone others including the UK, France, and many U.S. statesban handheld phone use only, allowing hands-free use. Due to the increasing complexity of mobile phones, they are often more like mobile computers in their available uses. This has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials in distinguishing one usage from another as drivers use their dev ices.This is more apparent in those countries which ban both handheld and hands-free usage, rather than those who have criminalize handheld use only, as officials sightnot easily tell which function of the mobile phone is being used simply by looking at the driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device il legally on a phone call when, in fact, they were using the device for a legal purpose such as the phones incorporated controls for car stereo or satnav. A recently published study has reviewed the incidence of mobile phone use while cycling and its personal effects on behaviour and safety.48 In aimsSome schools limit or restrict the use of mobile phones. Schools have set restrictions because of the use of cell phones for cheating on tests, harassment and bullying, threats to the schools security, distraction of students, and the facilitating of comment and other social activity at school. Many mobile phones are banned in school locker room facilities, pu blic restrooms and swimming pools due to the built-in cameras that most phones now feature. Mobile banking and paymentsMain articles Mobile banking and Mobile paymentSee also Branchless banking and Contactless paymentIn many countries, mobile phones are used to provide mobile banking services, which may include the ability to transfer cash payments by secure SMS text message. Kenyas M-PESA mobile banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator Safaricom to hold cash relaxations which are recorded on their SIM cards. Cash may be deposited or withdrawn from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets determined throughout the country, and may be transferred electronically from person to person as well as used to pay bills to companies. Branchless banking has also been successful in South Africa and Philippines. A pilot project in Bali was launched in 2011 by the International Finance Corporation and an Indonesian bank Bank Mandiri.49 Another application o f mobile banking technology is Zidisha, a US-based nonprofit microlending platform that allows residents of developing countries to raise small business loans from web users worldwide.Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments, transferring funds from lenders in the United States to the borrowers in rural Africa using the internet and mobile phones.50 Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in Espoo were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999 the Philippines launched the first commercial mobile payments systems, on the mobile operators Globe and Smart. Some mobile phone can make mobile payments via direct mobile billing schemes or through contactless payments if the phone and point of sale support near field communication (NFC).51 This requires the co-operation of manufacturers, network operators and retail merchants to enable contactless payments through NFC-equipped mobile phones.525354 Tracking and privacySee also Mobile phone trackingMobile phones are also commonly used to collect location data. While the phone is turned on, the geographical location of a mobile phone can be determined easily (whether it is being used or not), using a technique known as multilateration to calculate the differences in time for a signal to travel from the cell phone to each of several cell towers near the owner of the phone. The movements of a mobile phone user can be tracked by their service provider and, if desired, by law enforcement agencies and their government. two the SIM card and the handset can be tracked.55 China has proposed using this technology to track commuting patterns of capital of Red China city residents.57 In the UK and US, law enforcement and intelligence services use mobiles to perform surveillance. They possess technology to initiate the microphones in cell phones remotely in order to listen to conversations that take place near the phone.585 9 Thefts gibe to the Federal Communications Commission, one out of three robberies involved the theft of a cellular phone. police force data in San Francisco showed that one-half of all robberies in 2012 were thefts of cellular phones. An online petition on Change.org called Secure our Smartphones urged smartphone manuacturers to raise kill switches in their devices to make them unusable in case of theft. The petition is part of a critical point effort by New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman and San Francisco District Attorney George Gascon and was directed to the CEOs of the major smartphone manufacturers and telecommunication carriers. 60 On Monday, June 10, 2013, Apple announced it would install a kill switch on its next iPhone operating system, due to debut in October 2013. 61 -wellness effectsMain article Mobile phone beam of light and healthFurther information Mobile phones on aircraftThe effect mobile phone radiation has on human health is the subject of recent int erest and study, as a result of the enormous subjoin in mobile phone usage throughout the world. Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range, which some believe may be harmful to human health. A large system of research exists, both epidemiological and experimental, innon-human animals and in humans, of which the majority shows no definite causative relationship between exposure to mobile phones and harmful biological effects in humans. This is often paraphrased simply as the balance of evidence showing no harm to humans from mobile phones, although a significant number of soulfulness studies do suggest such a relationship, or are inconclusive.Other digital wireless systems, such as data communication networks, produce similar radiation. On 31 May 2011, the World Health Organization stated that mobile phone use may possibly represent a long-run health risk,6263 classifying mobile phone radiation as possibly carcinogenic to humans after a team of scientists reviewed studies on cell phone safety.64 Mobile phones are in category 2B, which ranks it alongside coffee bean and other possibly carcinogenic substances.6566 At least some recent studies have found an experience between cell phone use and certain kinds of wag and salivary gland tumors. Lennart Hardell and other authors of a 2009 meta-analysis of 11 studies from peer-reviewed journals concluded that cell phone usage for at least ten years approximately doubles the risk of being diagnosed with a brain tumor on the same (ipsilateral) side of the head as that preferred for cell phone use.67 One study of past cell phone use cited in the report showed a 40% increased risk for gliomas (brain cancer) in the highest category of heavy users (reported average 30 minutes per day over a 10year period).68 This is a switch from their prior position that cancer was unlikely to be caused by cellular phones or their base station and that reviews had found no convincing evidence for other healt h effects.6369 Certain countries, including France, have warned against the use of cell phones especially by minors due to health risk uncertainties.70 However, a study published 24 March 2012 in the British Medical Journal questioned these estimates, because the increase in brain cancers has not paralleled the increase in mobile phone use. Dis-advantages * Some people (especially teens) get so much addicted to cell phones for talking, video, messaging, games, etc that they forget the real purpose of the phone and waste large part of their time in spare interaction over their cell phones. * Nothing more can be a distraction for a teached in the classroom, when a students phone rings. Cell phones are increasingly becoming a problem for the schools during classroom hours and are becoming a means of cheating during examinations and other kinds of ability tests. All this is really bad and does hurt the future of the student, who doesnt realize that he/she is him/her-self responsible fo r it. * Health of those upkeep in the vicinity of cell phone towers is becoming a growing concern. Towers result into an area with cover development along with destruction of natural features (vegetation etc) around the place. The towers also emit strong electromagnetic signals, which can be health hazard for those living nearby and who are getting exposed to strong radiations incessantly during a good bilk of their lives.* While remaining in touch is good thing but sometimes it becomes annoying to have to deal with continuous incoming phone calls. You are on a vacation and your boss calls up, how does that sound * Cell phone monthly bills are usually more than a landline bill. Sometimes, we may not require to have a cell phone but we still buy one and start paying monthly bills so it increases our monthly/recurring expenses. * Use of hands-free (wired/blue-tooth) can at times pass on loud sounds to our ears which can result in weakening of ear-drums. Nowadays, one can download lots of songs, so keeping the hands-free glued inside your ears for long hours can really affect the sensitivity of ears in the long run of life. * There have been cases of cell phone blasts, due to the excessive heating up of its battery. This can be a fatal hack although rare. * No joke, the surface of a cell phone has millions of bacteria and virus on it and that can be a strong reason of immediate skin problem on face or can result into other internal infections wherein the microbes creep inside the body through mouth or other openings.* Some use the keypad excessively due to size restrictions the buttons and keypad of the cell phone are not natural for human hands so excessive and prolonged typing can be an issue for fingers and finger joints. * The continuous exposure of signal to and from our cell phone can be a cancer concern, although to a meagre amount- research is still going on. However, the mobile phone industry has long resisted any suggestion of a link to cancer, tho ugh it accepts that mobile phone radiation does affect the galvanizing activity in the brain. * The battery parts and other electonic parts of a cell phone can be environmental hazard if not disposed off properly through approved means.* A cell phone can be stand byful while driving and talking in case of urgent matters but increasingly it is becoming cause of accidents because it deviates the attention of a driver human brain can do only one thing at a time (however small span of time it may be). * It can be a big time distraction and nuisance in calm and silent places like libraries, cinemas, restaruants, etc. Some cell phone users lose the sense of decision making when and where they can talk on the cell phone and where they cant, without slightest consideration for the fellow beings around. * The mobile phone advertisements through messages are becoming a pain for the cell phone users. * Your SIM can be exploited as tracking device and if youre an important person then that can be a big concern for you.Advantages * The more you talk, the more you know how to talk and the better your communication skills become. This is applicable if youre a sensible person and keep note of your interacting habits over the phone. It can be a communication tutorial * Nothing more than a cell phone comes to great help in emergency. You are driving by the freeway and the vehicle jams and cell phone comes to your rescue. You are stuck in a alone(predicate) place, again call somebody and ask for directions. * Parents can be a little less unhappy about their kids by being in constant touch with them. * If youre a net-savvy, you can have Internet handy all the time and anywhere the signal of your cell phone provider can reach. * Trendy and stylish cell phones can be used as a bait to receive attention. It can be part of fashion and styling.* From the industy and economy point of view, cell phone companies (communication industry) is flourishing with market capital in billions . This is a good thing for the economy to be smooth and healthy. * Companies find it thus far another medium to advertise their products so another medium to reach the consumers. * Nowadays, cell phones are not just phone calls theyre about messaging, video, songs, games, alarm clock, notes, calendar, reminder, etc. So one equipment, lots of uses * Although cell phone use can be dangerous while driving but sometimes it can be a time-saver you are driving and simultaneously discussing some urgent matter as well. A sensible and only urgent usage during driving can be a great help at times.