Pyramus And Thisbe in A Midsummer Nights Dream - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2192 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2018/12/19 Category Literature Essay Type Review Level High school Tags: Love Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? The story Pyramus and Thisbe is an example of a story within a story or a myse en abyme in another play known as mid-summer nights dream. The play was written by the veteran poet and actor William Shakespeare in the year 1590. The play is somehow similar to another play by the Shakespeare known as Juliet and Romeo. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Pyramus And Thisbe in A Midsummer Nights Dream" essay for you Create order The act took place in Theseus palace were three couples had just gotten married and were celebrating, feasting and getting entertained. A piece of paper written the number of people who were to perform was brought by philostrate. Theseus read the just brought list in order to choose one of the most interesting performances. The couples get fascinated by the play Pyramus and Thisbe. Then Quince introduces the play. The three couples then commented on the questions that followed about the play. The characters were then introduced and the play commenced (Tammie and Saxby, pg.7). In the story Pyramus and Thisbe who were neighbors fell in love. The main challenge that the couples had was adversity between their families. The couples were prohibited by their parents to meet with each other when they were dating. Due that factor, they often communicated through a wall crack in a wall fence separating their houses. It was during this day that the couples decided to meet at Ninus tomb. They wanted to meet in order to cure the curiosity surrounding their love affair. When Thisbe arrived at the tomb he spotted a lioness who had just finished eating her pray and was smearing blood at her mouth. He escaped from the predator and left his veil behind. When Pyramus arrived at the tomb he was frustrated when he saw the veil with blood. He was frustrated because he thought that his partner was killed by the lion. Pyramus fell on the sword killing himself. Later Thisbe returned to the tomb and found that his lover was dead. She was deeply troubled by the encounter until she resulted to falling on the sword committing suicide. The gods we re pitied by the incidence turning the mulberry tree into the crimson color. It is true that the plot of the story Pyramus and Thisbe has a direct link with the story Romeo and Juliet bringing a confusion to several critics about which among the stories was written first (Delcorno Pietro, pg.41). Apart from the two dramas making an emphasis to the issue of social convection and love, the story is a direct parallel to that of Juliet and Romeo. It is obvious that the talented author was mocking his love story Juliet and Romeo through a burlesque. Apart from other dramas by the author the story Midsummer nights dream does not have any written source, so the story inside the story Pyramus and Thisbe is a development from a written source to strengthen the original story. Though the story is thought to have been crafted by a group of mechanics it is used by Shakespeare to strengthen the theme of forbidden love. Another reason why Shakespeare used the story in the play Midsummer nights dream was to bring the different classes of his audience together. For instance , the audience comprised of working class, actors and mechanics who seem different in many aspects. During these periods when the play was conducted, there existed thick lines of social distinctions among people in Europe. Many other poets who existed during that period also used their comic to try bring to end the then social distinctions. The social distinctions are further displayed in the similar story of Romeo and Juliet. The tactical author is also thought to have brought the tragic story to educate the young people who were present at the audience and other audiences in later generations. He was obviously teaching them that every young love has a bitter ending accompanied by tears. Young lovers can live happily throughout their affair but their ending is usually tragic. Apart from young people anybody that lives for love must shade tears at one time when the love comes to an end either through death or through other ways. The play Pyramus and Thisbe has two main characters and other minor characters mentioned to support the story as well the themes accompanied by the story. The first character who is very popular in the story is Pyramus. According to the author the mentioned character is obviously young, perhaps in his teenage years (Camati Anna, pg.19). He is truly passionate and he is a model to the rest of the young men who existed during the renaissance period. The young character is also handsome according to the author. The character appeared to be impressive to the young lady Thisbe when they frequently communicated through the crack separating their homes. Pyramus is also nave. This character trait is largely exhibited on how the young man reacted when he saw the veil of her lover. The act of killing himself with an exhibit of the veil only, is a valid reason to show how the character was nave, misinformed and lacked exposure. If the character was not maybe native he would have taken sometim e to investigate on the matter before rushing towards making the decision of killing himself. The other main character in the story is Thisbe. From the analysis of the character Pyramus, then it is obvious that Thisbe is young and also she is in her teenage years. Thisbe is deeply in love with her lover Pyramus, and the trait can be easily depicted by the act of killing herself after she found his lover had already died. Thisbe is also an archetype. The trait can be easily figured out from the act of committing suicide after she found out that his lover was dead. Further to emphasize on her as being archetypical, the act of taking her own life is a symbol of she viewed their love affair as being connected by spirit and not flesh or blood. She is also determined and this is seen when she planned with Pyramus to meet at the old tomb to show him her commitment for their intimate relationship. Just like her lover she is also native. The author displays this trait when he signifies how the character was unable to control her grief until she took her precious life by a sword. However, her character sounds like an inspiration to many young people who lived during that period and later because challenges faced by young lovers are similar. Another important character in the play is the lion. This lion is one that chases Thisbe until she dropped her veil then the lion shades it with blood. When Pyramus found the veil he thought that Thisbe had been killed forcing him to commit suicide. Orpheus was another character who was music talented and his wife was killed by a snake bite. Eurydice is also an important character in the play and she is wife to Orpheus. Ceyx another character in the story goes on a journey to cross the sea but dies (Delcorno Pietro, pg.41). When Ceyx dies he turns into a turtle. Ceyx was in marriage with Alcyone who was his wife. Alcyone learned about her husbands death in a dream and wished that they would meet again. Pygmalion another character in the play was a Cyprus king who fell in love with a woman statue. The statue was later given life as Galatea. Galatea was another notable character who was converted to life from being a statue by Aphrodite as an answer to prayers by king Pygmalion. Baucis were old couples and they once hosted Hermes and Zeus. They were rewarded to never separate and when they died they turned into a tree. Philemon were other characters who hosted Zeus and Hermes when their neighbors refused to host them. The couple received several rewards like being saved from floods, their wish of dying at the same moment was granted turning them into a tree after their death. Endymion in the play was the shepherd and was in love with Selene. In the story Daphine fell in love with the daughter of god Peneus and did not leave him although she did not love him. Daphines farther turned her into a tree because he wanted to protect her. Alpheus was the god of the river and loved Arethusa until one day he chased her until she got tired turning her into water. Arethusa is the lady who turned into spring water after being chased by Alpheus. The story Pyramus and Thisbe is an example of a classis love story and many styles have been used to prepare the main plot of the story (Tammie and Saxby, pg.7). Most notable styles used by the author is Similarity. Similarity in the story manifests itself because the story is similar to the story of Juliet and Romeo which was written by the same author during the same period. The two stories are similar because their themes coincide with each other and symbols also look similar. Symbolism is another style used to develop the story. The story has many symbols but the main symbols are the mulberry tree and the wall. Though the wall separated the young lovers, there existed a chink that served as a link between the two young lovers. The chink in the wall is symbolic that it is futile to separate two hearts that have fallen in love with each other. Another symbol of a barrier is the parents of both Pyramus and Thisbe. Despite their feeling for love on one another the two parents decided to create a barrier by making sure the two do not meet with each other. Finally, at the end of the story their parents agree that the two were indeed in true love. They accepted the two couples to be buried together breaking the initial barrier that they had put between them. Another symbol of a wall or barrier was the lion. It chased Thisbe away dismantling the plan that they had of meeting and expressing their love to one another. The sword is a symbol of the power of control that lovers have. Both lovers used the sword to commit suicide taking their own lives consequentially. The lovers decided to take control of their lives with believe that they will meet and continue with their love affair in heaven were they will not be faced with any obstacle or restriction. The mulberry tree is a main symbol that signifies the extent of love that the two couples had with each other. It was darkened by blood that was shade by the two young couples changing its original color to red sign of true love. Up to date the fruits of the tree are presented as a gift of lo ve in many parts of the world. Tragic Love is the major theme in the story. The main story line in the play is about the desperate love that Pyramus and Thisbe had with each other (Pratt, Karen, pg.257). Apart from the two main characters, other minor characters mentioned earlier in the story analysis are also victims of tragic love affairs. If the love of the protagonist was set free by their parents by allowing them to get married, then their sudden deaths would not have prevailed. Theme of dreams hopes and plans is also displayed in the play. The protagonist were very hopeful and were dreaming about living together and breaking the barriers that existed in their lives. However, just like other ancient love stories their dreams were shuttered by the lion, their parents and other series of barriers which progressively hindered them. The theme of trust and mistrust was also highlighted from the story. The protagonist were seen to be trust each other to extend of planning to meet each other at a secret place in th e tomb. Despite the fact that the two couples trusted each other, their parents did not trust them. They were paranoid and denied any bid from Pyramus and Thisbe to get married or to court freely until they devised other ways to meet and express their love. The myse en abyme in Pyramus and Thisbe is a play that the author used to express how hindered love can bring troubles to both their lovers, parents and the rest of the society. Some scholars believe that the story is one of the oldest stories of love in modern England. The play has been repeated severally in many theatres and has been used as in literature by many tutors of literature. Works cited Pratt, Karen. The Dynamics of the European Short Narrative in its Manuscript Context: The Case of Pyramus and Thisbe. The Dynamics of the Medieval Manuscript: Text Collections from a European Perspective (2017): 257. Camati, Anna Stegh. Intermedial issues inscribed in Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream. Todas as Letras-Revista de i ­ngua e Literatura 19.1 (2017). Delcorno, Pietro. Christ and the soul are like Pyramus and Thisbe: An Ovidian Story in Fifteenth-Century Sermons. Medieval Sermon Studies 60.1 (2016): 37-61. Money, Tammie. And Saxby. Primer. Suicide: Loss, shame, guilt and pain across millennia. American Journal of Medical Research? 4.1 (2017): 7-7.

The Pros And Cons Of Homeschooling - 1022 Words

While homeschooling is legal in all 50 states, federal courts have not settled the issue of whether homeschooling should be considered a fundamental right. This means that in the future, an anti-homeschooling state legislature could take away the ability to homeschool. To protect itself against efforts to suppress the homeschooling movement, Raley suggests that the homeschooling movement seeks to have homeschooling recognized as a fundamental right under the Fourteenth Amendment. If homeschooling were recognized as a fundamental right, regulations on it would be subject to additional scrutiny. Namely, a law that curtails a fundamental right must satisfy three tests: The regulation must be justified by a compelling governmental interest.†¦show more content†¦Hodges, homeschooling could become a fundamental right if it were shown that homeschooling falls under the already-established fundamental right of parents having the ability to â€Å"direct† the education of their children. However, for Obergefell v. Hodges to take effect, it would have to be shown that the Court’s rationales in Meyer v. Nebraska and Pierce v. Society of Sisters are equally applicable to homeschooling. Part IV analyzes the first of these routes, which is whether homeschooling could become a fundamental right because of deep roots in American history and tradition. Raley argues that homeschooling has been the primary form of education for most of Western history and that states have almost always refrained from infringing on the ability of parents to educate their children at home. For example, in societies like ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, medieval England and colonial America, only the wealthy could send their children to school. The vast majority of people were instructed at home by family members (e.g. in a trade). Even when America’s first compulsory education law appeared in Massachusetts in the late 1800s, the Massachusetts Supreme Court concluded that homeschooling should be permitted due to the fact that, â€Å"[t]he great object of these provisions of the statutes has been that all the children shall be educated, not that they shall be educated in any particul ar way.† In fact, despite a brief period of questionable legality during theShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Homeschooling1383 Words   |  6 PagesHomeschooling is a phenomenon that has been there for a long time where parents pass knowledge and skills learned from a long times experience to the younger generations. This practice equipped the younger generations with skills that they would use in their lives guaranteeing their success in life. Since the time that this method began, many things have changed in different aspects involving education and social setting as well. 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In both articles, the parents have different reasons for why they are choosing to homeschool instead of keeping their children in public or private schools. Homeschooling is not for everyone and cannot be taken lightly. There are many different reasons why families would rather homeschool instead of sending their children to public schools. According to parentsRead MoreWhy I Homeschool : The Answers Change Almost As Fast As My Kids1084 Words   |  5 Pagesor so she thought. Amy Thornton–Kelly explains the many reasons why homeschooling is the best decision she has made. First, she explains that once her husband and her considered homeschooling â€Å"the floodgates opened† to the many benefits of homeschooling. It alleviates stress, allows her kids to learn in a healthier environment and allows her to teach her kids in a more profound way. 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Biographical Reflection of John the Baptist Free Essays

Biographical Reflection of a Saint- John the Baptist Though such an accomplished man, not much is known of John the Baptist’s childhood. John, what a basic name right? Wrong, even the name of John was holy, for his name in Hebrew means, â€Å"Jehovah is gracious. † But moving on to his adult life, he pursued the life of a priest without ever being officially recognized as such. We will write a custom essay sample on Biographical Reflection of John the Baptist or any similar topic only for you Order Now The greatest thing that occurred in his adult life was the Baptism of Christ Jesus, our Lord. However, very few people know that Jesus and John were relatives, cousins in fact. John did not know that Christ was the Messiah until the miracle at the Jordan River. When Jesus approached John and asked that he may be baptized in the way of the Lord, John said, â€Å"Should it not be you master, who cleanses me. † And Jesus replied, â€Å"I am but a servant to you, not master. † And with that, John agreed to baptize Christ, but as the water was poured out upon Christ’s head, the Holy Spirit was revealed. Known as the first disciple of the completed Christ, now unified with the Holy Spirit, John continued the mission of baptism. As for when he earned the nickname â€Å"Son of Thunder,† Christ gave the name to him, under rather adverse conditions. They were traveling together through Judea, and Christ was under ridicule. John felt they were being so unjust, so far from the best humanity could be, he asked the lord to wipe them out. At this point Christ prayed that God would forgive them, while telling John, no matter how unjust the Judeans were the Lord will never take life for his name. He was in some senses so close to divinity others asked whether he was the Messiah, however, he always replied, â€Å"Ye yourselves bear me witness, that I said, I am not the Christ, but that I am sent before him. He that hath the bride is the bridegroom: but the friends of the bridegroom, which stand and hear him, rejoice greatly because of the bridegroom’s voice: thus my joy therefore is fulfilled. He must increase, but I must decrease. † This showed his humble appreciation of Christ, by saying he must be known less, and Christ more. However shortly after the Miracle at the Jordan, king Herod for the spreading of as he put it, â€Å"an unorthodox faith,† arrested John. He spent two years in prison until he was released because of the new, changing Roman Empire. John eventually went back to baptizing at the Jordan. This career was once again short lived however, for Salome, child of Herodias, demanded his death. And thus his fate was set in stone; he was to be beheaded in A. D. 31. Once beheaded, his head was to be given to Salome on a silver platter, as a sign of disrespect. As for what I think, I feel the act of baptizing Jesus was the highest honor humanly possible. For this he was very lucky to be the one to perform so noble an act. As the first saint I had ever known, John had a substantial impact on my life. As soon as I knew what Confirmation was, I knew I had to pick the first I had known, he with the greatest impact on me, John. I remember always feeling a sense of divinity whenever I saw an illustration of him baptizing Christ. As a child, I always wanted to obtain knowledge; because of this I became increasingly familiar with him, even at an early age. The thing I liked about him the most as a child was how I shared his name. And so, this biographical reflection begins and ends with a name, John. How to cite Biographical Reflection of John the Baptist, Papers

Causes of World War free essay sample

The treaty of Versailles contained a very important war guilt clause which stated â€Å"The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies. † the importance of this clause was that it blamed the war solely on Germany. Thus we see how the official primary sources blamed German aggression as the main and only cause of the war. However the causes of the war are now widely debated by historians with some going as far as blaming U. K. for the war. One such historian is American Paul. W. Schroeder. He says that the cause of the war was what he called Britains â€Å"encirclement policy which was directed at Austria-Hungary. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of World War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Schroeder argued that British foreign policy was anti-German and even more anti-Austrian as Britain never took Austria-Hungary seriously. It was British policy to always force concessions on the Dual Monarchy with no regard to the balance of power in Central Europe. Schroeder claimed that world war 1 was thus a preventive war by Germany to help maintain Austria as a power, in the face of the crippling British encirclement policy which would have otherwise broken-up the state. [1] Historian Fritz Fischer on the other hand states that the war was caused because of domestic politics in countries like Germany. He says that the Germans deliberately sought a war which would distract the population and whip up patriotic support for the right wing conservative government which was under threat of the powerful emerging left. 2] John Rohl uses German documents to tell us how the Kaiser and the Army leadership wanted to start a war at once in December 1912. The only reason for the delay of the war was due to the objections from Grand Admiral Alfred Von Tirpitz, who supported the idea of starting a war but said that the German Navy needed more time to prepare and asked that the war be put off until the summer of 1914. [3] Fischer also claims that there was a will to war amongst the leaders of Germany and that the German government had a plan of expansion very similar to that of Nazi Germany in the 1930s. 4] thus we how many people still believe Germany to be responsible for starting the war. Some historians also list the Franco-Prussian War as one of the main causes for the war. The war unified Germany into an empire thus upsetting the balance of power in continental Europe. At the same time it also led to the splendid isolation of Britain and the forced isolation of France by Bismarck. It also began the alliance system between the different powers which changed the war from a regional conflict to a worldwide one. The alliance system was used as an excuse by Britain to join the war as the German Schlieffen Plan which was made to deal with a simultaneous French and Russian attack involved invading Belgium which had an alliance with Britain Thus we see how the Franco -Prussian War set of a chain reaction of events which culminated in the first world war. It is further said that the initial isolation of France by Bismarck and then the popular revanchist movement led to france becoming more hostile towards Germany. Which resulted in them forming an alliance with Russia. This alliance forced the germans to attack them to protect their western front before attacking Russia.. Thus we see how the Franco Prussian War led to the alliance system which led to a regional conflict turning to a world war. Historian Andreas Hillgruber claims that the war broke out due to a calculated risk by the germans to break the informal Triple Entente of Russia, France and Britain by encouraging Austria-Hungary to invade Serbia nd thus provoking a crisis in an area that would concern only St. Petersburg. Hillgruber argued that the Germans hoped that both Paris and London would decide the crisis in the Balkans did not concern them and that lack of Anglo-French support would lead the Russians to reach an understanding with Germany. However this risk went wrong and thus led to the war[5] Historian Emil Ludwig and Ruth Henig blame â€Å"a few dozen incapable leaders† and called the war a result of â€Å"failure of statesmanship and hope†. Henig states that â€Å"By 1912, most European governments had come to believe that a general European war was inevitable and that the problems which plagued them at home and abroad could no longer be settled by negotiation and diplomacy†¦Ã‚  Ã‚   In these circumstances, war seemed to offer an attractive way out †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The strongest support for this theory has come from a quote from British Prime Minister (during world war 1) David Lloyd George who accepted this theory and said â€Å"We muddled into war† Historian Samuel R. Williamson however lays the blame of the crisis on mainly the Balkan Wars, he claims that as a result of the defeat and subsequent weakening of Turkey and Bulgaria the balance of power in the Balkans was disrupted. [6] This later led to the tensions between Serbia and Austria. These in turn led to the immediate cause of a war, the assassination of archduke Franz Ferdinand. This assassination of the heir to the Austrio-Hungarian Empire by the agents of a rival nation played a very significant role in lighting the matchbox that was Europe. The assassination led to a conflict between two small powers which was magnified when these two powers used their respective alliances to turn the whole affair from a regional conflict into a world war. Thus after the evaluation of all the various viewpoints presented by historians it can be concluded that the war was caused mainly as a result of the entangling alliances system and the conflict in the Balkans between Serbia and Austria-Hungary. The two worked hand in hand to start the war. The concept of military alliances that flourished during the Bismarckian era tied the fate of each and every European power together in a web so tight that if one of them fell all of them would fall. The war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia was unavoidable but the progression of the conflict from a regional war avenging an assassinated Archduke to a world wide one was solely because of these the entangling alliance system. Had the alliance system not existed the war would have been another one of the small Balkan wars which had preceded World War 1.

Successes and Failures of Signals Intelligence Essay Example For Students

Successes and Failures of Signals Intelligence Essay 3 SEP 2002SUCCESSES AND FAILURES OF SIGNALS INTELLIGENCEThe United States must be prepared to deploy against sophisticated and unsophisticated adversaries on a moments notice. The enemy may have little concern for the Hague Convention, which seek to limit collateral damage and noncombatant casualties. Signal Intelligence provides foreign data that analysts can collect, process and analyze into intelligence information. Whoever has the ability to control and exploit the electromagnetic spectrum, which ranges from zero to infinity, will know their enemies vulnerabilities, create opportunities, achieve tactical surprise, and result in mission accomplishment. Considerations such as successful and unsuccessful collection in Signal Intelligence will be a tremendous factor in planning and the execution of U.S. military operations. There are numerous accounts of the successful gathering of Signal Intelligence that prove to be of use. The rapid advancements in microelectronic technology forc es the government to design and manufacture sophisticated new radars, airborne reconnaissance, and surveillance platforms; they offer superior capabilities over previously employed systems. Having accredited systems and networks, in accordance with Department of Defense guidance, will ensure that units are within regulations while collecting signals. To obtain the most beneficial information, analysts need to be properly trained in the latest and greatest data sets. Staffing 100% qualified personnel in strategic locations will lead to optimal performance in signals analysis; commanders should provide the capability of target redundancy with different forms to ensure that collection requirements are met. Lastly, understanding commanders intent and the focus of effort are critical ingredients for success. Despite the factors that lead to success, there are just as many failures, which need to be discussed. Failures are the temporary or possible permanent annihilation of the ability of a mechanism to perform its required purpose. The number one failure in signal intelligences is bureaucracy. All of the policies, guidelines, rules, procedures, course of actions, and laws, create so much red tape, that signal analysts cannot do their jobs, which is to collect, process, or analyze foreign intelligence information. Once the analyst work through the political rubbish, the opportunity for collecting Signal Intelligence may have disappeared. Units that try to use lethargic and robust radars against state of the art Electronic Security will provide marginal data if any; the Electronic Security provides firewalls, secure logins, and offers protection resulting from measures that are designed to deny unauthorized persons access to information. Some radars have the ability to use passive tracking, which means that there is no target illumination by the tracking system. Passive radars are difficult to counter and offer little results; by the time intervention occurs, a succe ssful collection opportunity has been denied. Stealth technology degrades signals collection because the targets are designed to absorb signatures and operate undetected against known radars. Target that modify their radar cross sections are, formulate collection failures; the geometrical returns are altered or diverted into space. Inexperienced analysts that cannot analyze the signals and determine what is interference or modified equipment signatures will facilitate a delay in a commanders decision. Most Signal Intelligence failures are caused by failures of analysis, not failures of collection because relevant information is discounted, misinterpreted, ignored, rejected, or overlooked because it fails to fit a prevailing mental model or mind-set. We will write a custom essay on Successes and Failures of Signals Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Implicit communications are essential to commanders because they remain the most effective means for converting information into effective decision making. This is one of the most important portals for the United States. If an analyst can provide the best possible information well in advance to decision makers, and a vital decision is achieved, then Signal Intelligence is a success; on the down side, if the information is not collected, processed, or analyzed in a timely manner, for one reason or another, a failure has been attained.

Strong emotional impact on audience Essay Example

Strong emotional impact on audience Essay Example Strong emotional impact on audience Essay Strong emotional impact on audience Essay Choose a production you have seen during your course, which made a strong emotional impact on audience. Discuss in detail one scene or section that made an impact on you. You will need to refer to the activity on stage, the audience reaction possible lighting, sound, set design or custom.  I have chosen to write about the production Blood Brothers by Willy Russell due to the reason I have been studying the story as a section in my course.  The scene that I shall be discussing is the very last scene in which Mickey is seen to have a lot of anxiety towards Linda and Eddie. Mickey has a lot of anger and range as he has just seen Linda his wife and his best friend Eddie kiss. The scene begins in the setting of the town hall were Eddie the rather successful one is holding a meeting with two councillors. He is dressed up smartly due to the job he does this conveys his status which is also ironical due to the fact that his blood brother Mickey is not very successful in life. The scene continues with Mickey who enters erratically interrupts him. Mickey is breathing awkwardly this make the audience unsettle as the way they have seen Mickey as a child, is a change as you see someone completely different at the end than you saw at the begging as a load playful child. The lighting is quite bright and concentrated on the main stage and characters. There are no other sound interruptions as this helps the audience pay attention to what is being said on stage. Mickey pulls out a gun, which shocks the audience and also Eddie as it is intended for him. The audience is becoming more aware of the situation and how it may end. The audience has already reached an emotion point due to the past events that have made the audience more intact with the story. The audience are always aware that it will not be a happy ending as the Narrator has pointed out in his singing. I think that this scene conveys how a child can be affected by society. Taking Mickey as an example of the child and his family and friends and the way he has been treated by the law is the society. This is why Mickey is so angry. Edward and Mickey argue for a while. Edward is clearly treated by Mickey but is also trying to keep him calm.  Mickey is outraged and talks about how Lindas child could have been Eddies. Mickey is confused and this is portrayed to the audience by there is continues pauses between his speech. Mickey is lower status than Eddie due to the fact that Mickey is wearing jeans and a black casual jacket. A person dresses according to there lifestyle as Mickey does not have a lot of money he wears what is comfortable to him. Eddie has a career that demands him to be smart he is also paid for being smart this shows how status is reflected in different types lifestyle. There is a lot of tension in the room the audience feel sorry for Mickey but are also concerned for Eddie. Mickey is rather pale at the end due to the fact that he has been though a rather depressing period in his life and this has drained all of the life out of him. He is very nervous he occasionally shaking his gun shows this. All of these factors combined give two views to the audience that Mickey is the hopeless one and that Eddie is more enhanced one this is why the audience understand what has pushed Mickey so far that he is in the position of killing his brother. The character of Mickey says I stopped taking the pills he is implying the anti-depressant pills this shows that at one point Mickey felt as though he had hope and it has all now gone. Edward tries to keep quite as he tires not to be noticed by Mickey too much. Eddies hand gestures are small and he does not move around the stage too much he stand in a position pleading with Mickey. On the other hand Mickey is fuming around the stage he is thinking to him self as well as confronting Eddie. I think that the characters are positioned in such an opposite way because they try to portray that they are so unalike. When the police enter from the two stage doors situated in the audience this grabs the audiences attention. I think that this was cleverly done as the audience now feel as though there are in side the scenes they are actually apart of what is going on. The entrance of the police is unexpected therefore the result is that the audience are on edge of there seats. The voices of the police are extra load as the officers have a mega phones. There is a lot of commotion due to this the police plead with Mickey. In this scene there is a set above the stage where Mrs Johnston is watching I think this shows how the mother wants to be there for both of her sons. Mrs Johnston is worried about the outcome throughout the play he had a guilty conscience she knows that something like will happen.

Discuss the role of the laboratory in the diagnosis, classification Essay

Discuss the role of the laboratory in the diagnosis, classification and monitoring of the Myelodysplastic syndromes - Essay Example The main pathophysiology in this condition is that the hematopoietic stem cells do not mature in a proper fashion to healthy erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets resulting in low counts of mature cells and abnormal morphology. Thus there are many immature cells which do not function in a proper manner leading to several complications. MDS an be primary or secondary. Secondary MDS can occur due to several causes like exposure to radiotherapy or cytotoxic chemotherapy for another cancer, intensive pretreatment for patients with autologous bone marrow transplants, viral infection, genetic predisposition or exposure to chemicals like benzene (Emmanuel and Woermann, 2009, Nguyen, 2009). Exposure to heavy metals like lead and mercury can also result in this condition (National Cancer Institute, 2010). 80-90 percent of cases occur in those who are above 60 years of age (American Cancer Society, 2010). The incidence is men in at least 2 times more than in women (Emmanuel and Woermann, 2009). The condition is found worldwide and affects all races and ethnic groups (Emmanuel and Woermann, 2009). The condition is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. More than 30 percent cases of MDS transform in acute leukemia (National Cancer Institute, 2010). Survival following the diagnosis of MDS is variable and dependent on the prognostic factors (Stone, 2009). The survival can occur from months to years (National Cancer Institute, 2010). In children, the course of the disease is more aggressive and the mean survival is less than 10 months (Tilak et al, 2008). In many patients, MDS is often detected late due to absence of early symptoms. In some others, routine hematological examination may reveal the condition. Those who have advanced disease present with signs and symptoms related to the cytopenias like shortness of breath, pallor, easy fatigability, easy bruising, uncontrollable bleeding, frequent petechiae, fever and frequent infections (National Cancer

Elementary Education Major Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Elementary Education Major - Research Paper Example In this paper, I want to explain why I regard this course to be among the best courses given in our universities, its benefits, and some of the challenges that one can encounter as a profession. I am planning to bring-out my original assumptions, my findings from research and my final discoveries. What I Know, Assume or Imagine What I know is that several universities and constituent colleges distributed throughout this country offer this course. However, each university has specific qualifications requirements for admission in this course. The course takes four years when studied on full time bases. I am aware that the course involves assessments that vary depending with the intended purpose. For somebody to graduate, it is mandatory that the person must have passed all the assessments. My assumptions are that University of Florida is the best in offering this course and that it is among the ones that admit most students on the course. Another assumption that I have is that after th e four years of study and successful assessments I will come out of this university a fully qualified and competent elementary school teacher. I also have an assumption that I will be able to obtain a job soon after graduation. In addition, I have the assumption that that the course might be involving but not that much challenging and that I have full ability to handle it. What I imagine is how the teaching process and assessment process will be looking like. I imagine an assessment like being told to teach an elementary class while you are being assessed by a tutor or a supervisor. I also imagine what the course content might be. My imagination is that it will contain some course units teaching about learning behaviors and effective running styles. In this imagination, I suppose that it will criticize cramming and emphasize on understanding among students. Most of these imaginations, that I am not sure of them, might be true or false and might exist or not exist. The search One maj or component found in elementary education major course is field experience (Freshman Academic Advisory Services 3). Thus as an education major I should expect to find various fieldwork tasks throughout my training period. In most cases, supervisors or tutors will offer guidance and coaching on how those fieldwork activities should be effectively undertaken. Such activities could be both challenging and enjoyable depending on personal traits and characteristics. According to Harmon and Jones (20), the focus of education has changed from schooling as a preparation for participation in society to schooling as a vehicle to social change. Therefore, education professionals are required to develop not only the teaching skills but also interactive skills necessary for generating social change among students. As an education profession in the making, I am prepared to develop and nurture those skills that will make me a better elementary schools educator by the end of my training. The eleme ntary education should recover the characteristic compassion of children, which requires nurturing and protection from corruptive social forces (Letts and Sears 28). As an elementary school educator, I realize that I will be the one expected to play the key role in recovering this characteristic compassion of children among my students. I should thus ensure that I gain the required skills and tactics required to

The corporate communications function of Microsoft Essay

The corporate communications function of Microsoft - Essay Example The firm that is analyzed in the paper is Microsoft as one of the largest and most well-known information technology companies in the world. Its internal and external communicational strategies have been analyzed to uncover how the company has been able to generate value for itself and also for its stakeholders. The study has revealed that the organizational communication plays a vital role in the success of a company. The internal communication comprises of the interaction among the employees and staff and the external communication includes the communication with the customers and notable external stakeholders like the investors. The company has improved its internal communication by incorporating advanced telecommunication technologies to virtually bring the employees together who are separated by national borders. It has been found that the communicational strategies incorporated by the company have helped to develop team work, productivity, and efficiency. The external communica tional strategies of the company include its marketing communications and promotional campaigns. Microsoft has developed its advertisements to highlight the brand image of the company and to create customer awareness about its products. It has leveraged its financial prowess to develop robust promotional campaigns. Finally, it has been concluded that the company has successfully designed its communicational process to increase its value generation and it has been recommended that in order to further improve them, it should adopt an integrated marketing strategy and adopt content localization.

Negative Impact of Uneducated Women in Third World Countries

Negative Impact of Uneducated Women in Third World Countries Armed and Educated: Negative Impacts of Uneducated Women in Third World Countries as seen in Malala Yousafzais Memoir, I Am Malala As the Western society continues to progress, it is becoming increasingly evident that the barriers that once restricted and defied millions of women around the world, are slowly being deconstructed and reconstructed as society begins to change its views on gender parity and feminism. This is not only reflected in womens new roles and jobs within the Western society, but also in politics as women are now able to run and vote. On the other hand, despite the progress, millions of girls in non-Western developing areas such as South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, still continue to suffer severe disadvantages as they are often subjugated by men and stripped of their basic human rights. One of these basic rights includes the right to an education, yet, most girls in non-Western societies are excluded from the education systems throughout their lives. This is a huge problem as the lack of education is what is creating the barrier that prevents women from obtaining equality in society. Recent research and evidence has shown that education is one of the most critical areas of empowerment for a girl, overall leading to a healthier and more productive life. However, since their rights are taken away from birth, they lose the right to learn, grow, and succeed in life. In her memoir I Am Malala, Malala Yousafzai, a Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest-ever winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, accurately depicts the struggles and negative impact of uneducated women in third world countries. There are many factors that contribute to a developing nations extremely low female literacy rate. One of the primary reasons for this is the lack of proper schooling facilities, qualified teachers, and/or teaching aids such as textbooks. This is especially true for girls living in more remote areas of the country. Additionally, in many parts of the developing world, the nearest school to a community might be a four to five-hour long walk. Apart from it being exhausting and time consuming, girls also face the threat of violence or sexual assault on the way to school. Thus, many parents opt to keep their daughters at home. According to UNESCOs regional overview on sub-Saharan Africa in 2013, more than 68% of the girls that do make the long journey to school everyday end up dropping out before they complete primary school (Stepp). Malala further supports this as she witnesses most of the children in refugee settlements were not going to school. Sometimes there was no school. Sometimes it was unsafe to walk to school. And sometimes children were working instead of being educated (Yousafzai XIX). Furthermore, another main reason why many families in developing countries choose not to educate their daughters is because they cannot afford it as there are a lot of costs associated with it. The cost of uniforms, textbooks, and schooling facilities can be too much to bear for a family living in poverty. For the families that can afford it however, boys are often favored to receive an education over girls. This is especially evident during Malalas trip to Nigeria when she discovers that many girls were [her] age and all had dreams of being doctors or teachers or scientistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ but only 4 percent of girls in Northern Nigeria finish school (Yousafzai XVIII). Lastly, another reason for the lack of female education in developing countries is the cultural beliefs and gender norms of the society. In the male-dominated society, women are typically viewed as nothing m ore than the property of the men. Most cultures believe that a womens sole purpose is to serve the men of the house, do household chores, reproduce and care for the children while the man goes out to provide for the family. Due to these misguided gender norms, many girls do not have the opportunity to attend school because their contributions to the household are valued more than their personal education. These gender norms are extremely prevalent when Malala states that [she] was a girl born in a land where rifles are fired in celebration of a son, while daughters are hidden away behind a curtain, their role in life simply to prepare food and give birth to children (Yousafzai 13). In any case, millions of women in developing nations are unable to receive an education and this has several negative impacts on different aspects of womens lives. The negative effects that uneducated women have on their society include both personal and social factors. For starters, many women that are uneducated are more susceptible to early marriages usually against their will (in some cases girls as young as eight or ten). This results in millions of illiterate young girls without the appropriate tools to build healthy, educated families. The Voices of Youth organization stated that for every year a girl stays in school past fifth grade, her marriage is delayed a year (Madu). Similarly, Malala emphasizes this point when she states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[parents] are just waiting for their daughters to be married off while the sons went to school (Yousafzai 29). This in turn, leads to most girls giving birth at an extremely young age, resulting in a higher mortality rate among young girls during child birth or simply because the child is unhealthy. Studies have shown that an extra year of schooling for girls also reduces fertility rates by 17% (Joshi). Secondly, uneducated women also have a lot of difficulty communicating and expressing themselves at home or in public. Doing simple tasks like reading signs or paying at the grocery store proves to be quite difficult for many young women as they have not had the opportunity to learn how to read. Malala relates a story of a young girl she saw selling oranges. She was scratching marks on a piece of paper with a pencil to account for the oranges she sold, as she could not read or write (Yousafzai 217). Lastly, the lack of educated people in developing countries is what allows educated people to exploit their ignorance. This is especially true of the government or religious leaders that use fear and ignorance to bring themselves to power or to have a huge portion of the population under their control. For example, several times throughout her memoir, Malala states that the lack of education is the root of all of Pakistans problems, and that ignorance allowed politicians to foo l people and bad administrators to be re-elected (Yousafzai 41). The government makes promises and manipulates people to the point where people are convinced that the corrupt authorities are fit to be in power. After elections, however, all the promises that are made are forgotten and the nation suffers for years before another election takes place and the same thing happens all over again. What is worse is using a natural disaster that devastated a nation to preach religious extremes. This is portrayed several times throughout Malalas memoir- after an earthquake struck Pakistan, religious leaders called Mullahs preached the earthquake was a warning from God. They said it was caused by womens freedom and obscenity. If we did not mend our ways and introduce Sharia or Islamic lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ more severe punishments would come (Yousafzai 107). Preaching misinterpreted verses from the Quran and exploiting the ignorance of people who did not understand Arabic worked well to their adva ntage as fear made it particularly easy to manipulate them. As can be seen, the lack of education has severe negative impacts which can easily be prevented if women are educated. Education has so many benefits, but lack thereof blinds people to the fact that knowledge is power and it is one of the most powerful weapons against mass manipulation and exploitation. Education, especially in developing countries, is extremely valuable as it can solve many of the countrys problems. Educating women of the country comes with its own list of benefits, most of which people are ignorant towards. Firstly, it is no secret that poverty and illiteracy go hand in hand. Research has shown that most illiterate women live in countries with increasing economic difficulties and enormous debt burdens (Madu). What citizens of developing countries refuse to acknowledge is that the solution lies in educating their women. When women are educated, it enables them to contribute to their countrys income as more women begin to join the labor force. According to UNICEF, when ten percent more women attend school, GDP increases by three percent on average (UNICEF.org). This may potentially abolish poverty and many of the other problems developing countries are faced with. Secondly, women who are well educated and receive an independent income will naturally find their voice not just in the family, but also within their society. In other words, women gain the self-confidence and courage they need to speak out and resist the injustice they see around them, or are facing themselves. This is directly reflected in Malala herself as she found her own voice growing up in [her] fathers school (Yousafzai 118). Knowledge is addicting and having the luxury of education from an early age left her craving for more, despite the threats of Mullahs and the Taliban. Thus, she continues to advocate for womens right to education. Furthermore, the role that educated mothers play in reducing infant and child mortality is profound. Results in Africa indicate a 40% in child survival for mothers with five years of primary education (Wade). This is because educated women tend to have fewer and healthier children. In addition to this, when women are educated, they are more likely to ensure that their children are also educated leading to a future generation that is well equipp ed to contribute to society. It is rightly said that investing in a girls education is investing in a nation. In fact, there is an African proverb that says, If we educate a boy, we educate one person. If we educate a girl, we educate a family- and a whole nation (Stepp). To conclude, education not only removes ignorance, but allows for women to unleash their full potential by becoming conscious, skilled and productive citizens. All in all, it is proven that educating women in developing countries is the solution to reducing the issue of gender parity as well as enabling womens full potential, while simultaneously boosting their developing nations economy. The proof lies not only in Malala Yousafzais memoir, I Am Malala, which accurately represents the struggles of uneducated women in developing countries, but also in the statistics that show the negative impacts of uneducated women as well as the benefits of education.   Educated women obtain the knowledge, skills, and self-confidence that they need to lead healthier, more productive lives while raising the standards of living for their families and communities. It is hard to believe that the solution lies in half the worlds population, yet so many leaders are oblivious to it or are refusing to change their methods. Works Cited Girls education and gender equality. Girls education and gender equality. UNICEF, 23 July 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. https://www.unicef.org/education/bege_70640.html. Girls education: A lifeline to development. Girls education: A lifeline to development. UNICEF, 22 Mar. 2011. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. https://www.unicef.org/sowc96/ngirls.htm. Joshi, Mohit, Essay on Importance of Women Education. Essay on Importance of Women Education~. WOMEN EMPOWERMENT, 1970. Web. 13 Oct. 2016. http://hamroessay.blogspot.ca/2015/06/essay-important-of-women-education.html. Madu, Chima F. Education for Aspiring Young Women. Voices of Youth. 2013. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. http://www.voicesofyouth.org/en/posts/why-we-should-support-girls-4. Stepp, Lauren. Top 10 Reasons Why Female Education is Important-TBP. The Borgen Project. UNESCO, 2016. Web. 20 Dec. 2016. http://borgenproject.org/top-10-reasons-female-education-important/. Wade, Sarah. 5 Reasons You Should Care About Girls Education. United Nations Foundation.United Nations Foundation, 8 July 2013. Web. 17 Dec. 2016. http://www.unfoundation.org/blog/5-reasons.html. Yousafzai, Malala. I am Malala: the girl who stood up for education and was shot by the Taliban. New York, NY: Little, Brown, Company, 2013. Print. MLA formatting by http://bibme.org/ Bibliography Girls education and gender equality. Girls education and gender equality. UNICEF, 23 July 2015. Web. 23 Nov. 2016. https://www.unicef.org/education/bege_70640.html. Girls Education and Gender Equality. Global Partnership for Education. N.p., Sept. 2015. Web.20 Oct. 2016. http://www.globalpartnership.org/focus-areas/girls-education. Girls education: A lifeline to development. Girls education: A lifeline to development. UNICEF, 22 Mar. 2011. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. https://www.unicef.org/sowc96/ngirls.htm. Girls Education. Girls Education. The World Bank. n.d. Wev. 16 Dec. 2016. http://www.worldbank.org/en/tropic/girlseducation. Joshi, Mohit, Essay on Importance of Women Education. Essay on Importance of Women Education~. WOMEN EMPOWERMENT, 1970. Web. 13 Oct. 2016. http://hamroessay.blogspot.ca/2015/06/essay-important-of-women-education.html. Madu, Chima F. Education for Aspiring Young Women. Voices of Youth. 2013. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. http://www.voicesofyouth.org/en/posts/why-we-should-support-girls-4. Oneil, Micheal . Top 10 Facts You Dont Know About Girls Education. ABC News. ABC News Network, 7 Oct. 2013. Web. 7 Dec. 2016. http://abcnews.go.com/International/10-facts-girls-education/story?id=20474260. Roudi-Fahimi, Farzaneh, and Valentine M. Moghadam. Empowering Women, Developing Society: Female Education in the Middle East and North Africa. Empowering Women, Developing Society: Female Education in the Middle East and North Africa.   N.p., 2009. Web. 20 Dec. 2016. http://www.prb.org/Publications/Reports/2003/EmpoweringWomenDevelopingSocietyFemaleEducationintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica.aspx Stepp, Lauren. Top 10 Reasons Why Female Education is Important-TBP. The Borgen Project. UNESCO, 2016. Web. 20 Dec. 2016. http://borgenproject.org/top-10-reasons-female-education-important/. The Worlds Women 2010: Trends and Statistics. United Nations Statistics Division Demographic and Social Statistics. United Nations, 12 Feb. 2011. Web. 4 Nov. 2016. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/Worldswomen/Executive%20summary.htm. Wade, Sarah. 5 Reasons You Should Care About Girls Education. United Nations Foundation.United Nations Foundation, 8 July 2013. Web. 17 Dec. 2016. http://www.unfoundation.org/blog/5-reasons.html. Yousafzai, Malala, and Christina Lamb. Free, safe, quality education is the right of every girl. The Malala Fund. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2016. https://www.malala.org/girls-education. Yousafzai, Malala. I am Malala: the girl who stood up for education and was shot by the Taliban. New York, NY: Little, Brown, Company, 2013. Print.

controversial issues :: essays research papers

Controversy is everywhere; people can take the least controversial things and make them controversial just for the sake of arguing about them. There are a lot of issues that are a big concern to people these days; issues that cause debates and become major issues in presidential elections. People take all kinds of views of these very issues and a lot of the time the bible is a big influence on people’s final decisions on how they feel. People believe things are wrong because the bible tells them that it is wrong. No matter what religion you are the bible in a very important piece of history in this society. Things like abortion and homosexuality are frowned upon because of the way the bible is interpreted. People feel that the sixth commandment â€Å"thou shall not kill† also goes for a fetus; or they take that a union is between a man and a woman means that people of the same sex can’t have the same sacred union. People take this out dated piece of history and try to apply it to our society today without taking into account that the human race has changed since the bible has been written.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the topic of abortion comes up people refer to the bible’s sixth commandment â€Å"thou shall not kill† and they feel that having an abortion is killing a baby no matter what stage of the pregnancy it is in. People feel that abortion should not be legal. Professor of law at the University of Colorado, Paul Campos said, â€Å"Whether or not abortion should be legal turns on the answer to the question of whether and at what point a fetus is a person. This is a question that cannot be answered logically or empirically. The concept of parenthood is neither logical nor empirical. It is essentially, or quasi-religious idea, based on one’s fundamental (and therefore unverifiable) assumptions about the nature of the world.† People have different views on abortion, when it’s acceptable, when its not and some just think that no matter what the circumstances it is never okay. There are people that believe that abortion is only acceptab le under certain conditions such as the woman was raped or she got pregnant due to incest. Some people feel that an abortion acceptable when the woman is in danger. People who are more about the choice of the woman feel that abortion is okay when it is done in the first trimester. controversial issues :: essays research papers Controversy is everywhere; people can take the least controversial things and make them controversial just for the sake of arguing about them. There are a lot of issues that are a big concern to people these days; issues that cause debates and become major issues in presidential elections. People take all kinds of views of these very issues and a lot of the time the bible is a big influence on people’s final decisions on how they feel. People believe things are wrong because the bible tells them that it is wrong. No matter what religion you are the bible in a very important piece of history in this society. Things like abortion and homosexuality are frowned upon because of the way the bible is interpreted. People feel that the sixth commandment â€Å"thou shall not kill† also goes for a fetus; or they take that a union is between a man and a woman means that people of the same sex can’t have the same sacred union. People take this out dated piece of history and try to apply it to our society today without taking into account that the human race has changed since the bible has been written.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the topic of abortion comes up people refer to the bible’s sixth commandment â€Å"thou shall not kill† and they feel that having an abortion is killing a baby no matter what stage of the pregnancy it is in. People feel that abortion should not be legal. Professor of law at the University of Colorado, Paul Campos said, â€Å"Whether or not abortion should be legal turns on the answer to the question of whether and at what point a fetus is a person. This is a question that cannot be answered logically or empirically. The concept of parenthood is neither logical nor empirical. It is essentially, or quasi-religious idea, based on one’s fundamental (and therefore unverifiable) assumptions about the nature of the world.† People have different views on abortion, when it’s acceptable, when its not and some just think that no matter what the circumstances it is never okay. There are people that believe that abortion is only acceptab le under certain conditions such as the woman was raped or she got pregnant due to incest. Some people feel that an abortion acceptable when the woman is in danger. People who are more about the choice of the woman feel that abortion is okay when it is done in the first trimester.

Heat Transfer Lab Report

UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFERHeat transfer processes are prominent in engineering due to several applications in industry and environment. Heat transfer is central to the performance of propulsion systems, design of conventional space and water heating systems, cooling of electronic equipment, and many manufacturing processes (Campos 3). Unsteady state conduction is the class of heat transfer in which the temperature of the conducting medium varies with time and position.This occurs frequently in industrial processes, especially food preservation and sterilization, where the temperature of the food or of the heating or cooling medium constantly changes (Farid2). The work reported here involves the investigation of unsteady state heat transfer in two cylindrical rods and the conformity of experimental results to different methods of theoretical analysis. Aluminum and Plexiglas cylinders were used. Thermocouples were placed at different radial and axial positions, and the cylinders, whi ch were in thermal equilibrium with an ice bath, were placed in a warm water bath at 370C.Temperature profiles were obtained using a data acquisition system on a computer. Theory The applicable form of the heat transfer equation for conduction in solids is given by (Welty1): If the thermal conductivity is constant and the conducting medium contains no heat sources, Equation 1 reduces to Fourier’s second law of heat conduction (Welty1).Equation 2 can be written in cylindrical coordinates as   (3) Assuming that no heat transfer occurs in the axial position, and temperature varies with radial position and time only, (4) Equation 3 therefore becomes (Welty1) (5) Nomenclature for all equations is shown in the appendices.For a cylindrical rod immersed in a higher temperature fluid, heat transfer occurs by convection from the body of fluid to the surface of the rod, and by conduction from the rod’s surface to its center. If conduction through the rod occurs much faster than convection from the fluid, convection is the rate-limiting heat transfer mechanism, and the temperature within the solid will vary with time only. This condition, in which the external resistance is large relative to the overall resistance, is the primary characteristic of a â€Å"lumped† system.The Biot number, (Bi = hV/kA), is a ratio of the internal (conductive) resistance to heat transfer, to the external (convective) resistance to heat transfer. A general rule of thumb is that a body can be assumed to be lumped if Bi < 0. 1 (Welty1). For lumped bodies, the temperature variation with time is described by Equation 6 (Welty1) For cases in which the internal and external resistances are significant, Equation 5 must be solved numerically or graphically to determine the temperature variation with position and time.Graphical solutions (Heisler charts) are shown in Welty1 for different shapes and geometries. To use the Heisler charts, three dimensionless ratios must be known, a nd a fourth will be read on the appropriate axis. These dimensionless ratios are: Y, unaccomplished temperature change=T? -TT? -T0 (7) X, relative time=? tx12 (8) n, relative position=xx1 (9) m, relative resistance=khx1 (10)DISCUSSIONBefore the data was analyzed, the thermocouples were calibrated and the voltage readings were converted to temperature. To achieve this, the final value from each thermocouple was set to be equal to the warm water bath temperature (370C), and the initial reading was set equal to the ice water bath temperature. Thus, for each thermocouple an equation was obtained using the two points to convert voltage readings to temperature. An example of the calibration for one of the thermocouples is shown in AppendixII. LUMPED ANALYSISTo determine if a lumped-parameter analysis could be applied, the Biot numbers for the systems were calculated (shown in Table 1). Table 1: Biot numbers for the aluminum and Plexiglas cylinders. | Bi| Aluminum| 0. 07| Plexiglas| 81| Si nce the Bi value of the aluminum system is less than 0. 1, convection from the water to the surface of the cylinder is the rate limiting heat transfer mechanism. Thus, a lumped-parameter analysis can be safely applied. The Plexiglas system, on the other hand, has a Bi >> 0. 1, and the rate limiting mechanism is conduction in the cylinder.The temperature-time plot gotten by applying a lumped-parameter analysis (Equation 6) to the Aluminum cylinder was compared to the plot obtained from the thermocouple located closest to center of the cylinder. This thermocouple is chosen for comparison because it is located farthest from the heating source and will have a temperature history that differs most from an ideal lumped system. With this thermocouple, we should therefore obtain the maximum error associated with applying a lumped-parameter analysis to the system.Figure 1: Temperature history plot for the aluminum cylinder. The thermocouple is located 0. 25 in away from the center. A lumped parameter analysis is also shown in Figure 2 for the Plexiglas cylinder to illustrate the error encountered by applying Equation 6 to â€Å"un-lumped† systems. Figure 2: Temperature history plot for the Plexiglas cylinder.COMPARING TEMPERATURE HISTORY AT DIFFERENT RADIAL POSITIONSBased on their Biot numbers, it was expected that the temperature history plots at different radii for the aluminum cylinder should follow a similar path, while those for the Plexiglas cylinder shouldn’t. Figure 3: Experimental temperature for the aluminum cylinder history at various radial positions. Figure 4: Experimental temperature for the Plexiglas cylinder history at various radial positions. Figures 3 shows that the temperature curves are all the same at different radii in the aluminum cylinder.This is attributed to the fact discussed earlier that the aluminum cylinder behaves as a lumped system, that is, there is negligible resistance to internal heat transfer (conduction). Figure 4, o n the other hand, shows differences in the temperature history plots at different radii in the Plexiglas cylinder, confirming that conduction through the cylinder is the rate limiting heat transfer mechanism.GRAPHICAL SOLUTION –HEISLER CHARTSFor systems that cannot be accurately modeled by lumped-parameter solutions, such as the Plexiglas cylinder, we must resort to other analytic methods.Graphical solutions in Heisler charts (Welty1) were used to estimate the temperature history at three thermocouples. These plots are compared with the experimental plots in Figures 5 – 7. Figure 5: Experimental and graphical-solution temperature history plot. The thermocouple is located at a radius of 1. 25 in away from the center. Figure 6: Experimental and graphical-solution temperature history plot. The thermocouple is located at a radius of 0. 50 in away from the center. Figure 7: Experimental and graphical-solution temperature history plot. The thermocouple is located at the cent erline of the cylinder.The percent differences show that predicting the temperature history using Heisler charts produces much error. This method was open to mistakes for the following reasons: 1. Curves on the charts are drawn for integer values of relative time, position and resistance. Therefore, reading and approximation errors result when decimals to be read are not shown on the axes. 2.Some areas of the Heisler charts are so crowded with lines that reading a value with accuracy is nearly impossible. 3. When producing the charts, Heisler did calculations for some set of numbers and then linearly connected the points on a logarithmic-linear modified scale. Dimensionless ratios obtained from the charts are thus slightly different from their real values (Dilsiz4).NUMERICAL ANALYSIS – MATLABEquation 5 was solved numerically using MATLAB. The code used is provided in Appendix IV. The solutions were extracted to Excel and plotted (Figures 8 and 9).The temperature plots at diff erent radii for the aluminum cylinder are superimposed and therefore indistinguishable. This further demonstrates the fact that the temperatures at all points in the aluminum system were identical. Figure 9, on the other hand, shows that the Plexiglas had varying temperatures at different points. Figure 8: Numerical Solution from for the aluminum cylinder. Results were found using MATLAB and plotted in Excel. Figure 9: Numerical Solution from for the Plexiglas cylinder. Results were found using MATLAB and plotted in Excel. The results obtained from the numerical analysis were compared with experimental data.Table 4 shows the average percent differences between their values. The percent differences for the Plexiglas cylinder are significantly lower than those obtained when using the Heisler charts (see Table 3). This suggests that the numerical analysis using a partial differential equation solver is a more reliable method of analyzing the data for the Plexiglas cylinder. Table 4: Av erage percent differences between experimental results and the numerical analysis solution. Radius (in)| Average % difference| | Aluminum| Plexiglas| 0| -| 7. 54| 0. 25| 3. 68| 5. 81| 0. 5| -| 5. 75| . 75| 2. 99| -| 1| 3. 35| 6. 34| 1. 25| 2. 27| 4. 92| | | | Average| 3. 0725| 6. 072|CONCLUSIONThe rate limiting heat transfer mechanism for the aluminum and Plexiglas cylinders were convection and conduction, respectively. It was found that the temperature history for the aluminum cylinder conformed to a lumped-parameter analysis while that for the Plexiglas cylinder didn’t. This was expected based on the Biot numbers calculated for the two systems. Temperature profiles obtained from Heisler charts produced much error, and deviated significantly from experimental data.For the Plexiglas cylinder, the numerical analysis using MATLAB, although tedious, provided the least error when compared to experimental results. The temperature histories at different radial positions were compar ed: the temperature-time curves for the aluminum cylinder overlapped, that is, the temperatures were the same at different radial positions. On the other hand, there were significant differences in the temperature-time curves for the Plexiglas cylinder. This is attributed to the fact that the aluminum rod was lumped, while the Plexiglas wasn’t.SOURCES OF ERRORIt was assumed that no heat was transferred through the ends of the cylinders. This may have induced some error in the analysis. If there was indeed significant heat transferred through the ends, two thermocouples placed at the same radius will report slightly different temperatures, with the one closer to the edge being heated faster. As discussed earlier, error is introduced when reading the Heisler charts. These errors were considered minor, and were not substantial enough to affect the major conclusions drawn from the analysis.SAFETY CONSIDERATIONSThe proximity of water baths to electrical equipment presented an elec trical hazard.It was important to make sure not to spill water when transferring the cylindrical rods between baths. We also made sure to move any movable electrical equipment as far as possible from the immediate area. The baths used weren’t hot enough to cause scalds upon contact with the skin. Safety glasses and closed-toed shoes were worn throughout the duration of the experiment.REFERENCES1. Welty, James R. , Charles E. Wicks, Robert Wilson, and Gregory L. Rorrer. Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer. New York: Wiley, 2001. Print.2. Farid, Mohammed M. Sterilization of Food in Retort Pouches. New York, NY: Springer, 2006. Print.3. Campos, Marco, Estaner Claro Romao, and Luiz Moura. â€Å"Analysis of Unsteady State Heat Transfer in the Hollow Cylinder Using the Finite Volume Method with a Half Control Volume. † Applied Mathematical Sciences 6. 39 (2011): 1925-931. Print.4. Dilsiz, Resul, and Onur Y. Devres. â€Å"Graphical Solution of the Transient Hea t Transfer Problem. † AIP Conference Proceedings 1048. 855 (2008).

Free Essays on Acrchtypal Theory

Tolkien’s Archetypal Hero(s) When J.R.R Tolkien published the first book in the Lord of the Rings Trilogy, in 1954 he broke ground and paved the way for fantasy all the way to the twenty-first century a century that still holds Tolkien’s works on a glorious pedestal that stands far and above those in his shadow. The complexity of Tolkien’s writing rules out a detailed overview of the entire hero’s quest through what is called †Middle Earth†. The essence of Tolkien’s trilogy can be found in this epitaph: Three rings for the Elven-kings under the sky, Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die, One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne, In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie, One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them, One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind Them In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie. In the prequel to the trilogy, The Hobbit, Bilbo Baggins finds the â€Å"ring to bind them.† He stole this ring from Smeagol who has carried the ring for 500 years; all the while, the dark power of the ring has transformed him from a hobbit into a creature of the dark who cannot bare the light. It is the â€Å"dark power† which is connected to Gollum that makes him a pivotal character through out the whole trilogy. In the ending of The Hobbit, Bilbo passes the ring onto his heir, Frodo. At the beginning of The Fellowship of the Rings, the first book in the trilogy, Frodo departs, accompanied by his friends: embarking on the journey to destroy the ring by casting it into the Crack of Doom in the land of Mordor as he promised Bilbo. The second half of this book, all of The Two Towers, the second book, and the first half of the final book, Return of the King, are the details of sub quests that need to be overcome to get to Mordor. In the climax of the trilogy the ring i s destroyed, freeing Frodo and his surviv... Free Essays on Acrchtypal Theory Free Essays on Acrchtypal Theory Tolkien’s Archetypal Hero(s) When J.R.R Tolkien published the first book in the Lord of the Rings Trilogy, in 1954 he broke ground and paved the way for fantasy all the way to the twenty-first century a century that still holds Tolkien’s works on a glorious pedestal that stands far and above those in his shadow. The complexity of Tolkien’s writing rules out a detailed overview of the entire hero’s quest through what is called †Middle Earth†. The essence of Tolkien’s trilogy can be found in this epitaph: Three rings for the Elven-kings under the sky, Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die, One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne, In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie, One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them, One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind Them In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie. In the prequel to the trilogy, The Hobbit, Bilbo Baggins finds the â€Å"ring to bind them.† He stole this ring from Smeagol who has carried the ring for 500 years; all the while, the dark power of the ring has transformed him from a hobbit into a creature of the dark who cannot bare the light. It is the â€Å"dark power† which is connected to Gollum that makes him a pivotal character through out the whole trilogy. In the ending of The Hobbit, Bilbo passes the ring onto his heir, Frodo. At the beginning of The Fellowship of the Rings, the first book in the trilogy, Frodo departs, accompanied by his friends: embarking on the journey to destroy the ring by casting it into the Crack of Doom in the land of Mordor as he promised Bilbo. The second half of this book, all of The Two Towers, the second book, and the first half of the final book, Return of the King, are the details of sub quests that need to be overcome to get to Mordor. In the climax of the trilogy the ring i s destroyed, freeing Frodo and his surviv...

Taking and Bringing

Taking and Bringing Taking and Bringing Taking and Bringing By Maeve Maddox Carol Roberts Smith asks: Why can’t we ‘take’ anything anywhere anymore? Why do we have to ‘bring’ it. It sounds weird to me to say bring or brought. ‘I brought lunch to work’ I can live with, but ‘I have to bring this back to the store’ makes no sense to me. I’m taking it back to the store one way or another. Help me understand please. I notice it on TV a lot now too. Thanks! Both bring and take have numerous meanings. One can, for example, take medicine, take the Fifth, take a liking to, take it on the chin, take a partner, take in a stray, take up for a friend, take out a date, and take an oath. One can bring to bear, bring tears to the eyes, bring something up, and challenge someone to bring it on. The OED entry for take lists 93 numbered definitions. The one for bring has 27 numbered definitions. The definition that concerns us here is Number One: bring:  1. To cause to come along with oneself; to fetch. It includes ‘lead’ or ‘conduct’ (F. amener) as well as ‘carry’ (F. apporter); it implies motion towards the place where the speaker or auditor is, or is supposed to be, being in sense the causal of come; motion in the opposite direction is expressed by take (Fr. emmener, emporter).  Ã‚   When the words are used to express the conveying of something or someone to or from a given point, the choice between bring and take is clear: If the person or thing is going away from where you are, use take. If the object or person is coming to where you are, use bring. Some examples of the correct use of bring and take: Im taking this blender back to the store. Im taking my girlfriend to the movies. Please bring your wife to the party. Dont forget to bring me that book next time you visit. Jacquelyn Landis has also written a DWT post on bring and take for DWT. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business EmailsThe Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English Alphabet50 Plain-Language Substitutions for Wordy Phrases

Risk, Crisis and Disaster Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk, Crisis and Disaster Management - Essay Example In order to understand why this profession is needed, it is important to understand the current business world and how changes are needed. It is also important to understand why such changes are required to survive. Companies which do not realize the need for this profession are the ones which might suffer in the near future. However, there are many industries which are more prone to continuity dangers compared to other industries, and such industries need to make strategies to survive in this competitive world. Industries, which are less prone to continuity dangers, will also face need for change eventually to either excel or to survive in the long run. There is a need for such a profession and people in the business community are realizing this need. In order to understand the need, for distinct business continuity profession, it is required to understand what business continuity is and what skills are needed in this profession. By definition business continuity is the capability of an organization to continue its business operations in case of any incidents or problems. This way they can operate without interrupting their day to day business activities without influence of other harmful factors. (Honour, 2006) Business world is now global now with the 24 hours connectivity with people around the globe. The threats are also present 24 hours a day. There can be threats which may be simply natural catastrophic threats or may be business threats, which may just not only affect the profits of one company but can also damage the company in uncountable ways. Such dangers can affect the business by damaging the reputation, brand image, productivity, efficiency, etc. In worst case scenarios, Company may simply go out of business due to such dangers (Rojas, 2009). In this stage of business continuity, a plan is made in order to face any problems. This plan

Company Law consultancy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Company Law consultancy - Case Study Example They do not appear to have done this. Perhaps the company is on the look out for better information from concept to delivery. Whatever may be the reason, Sam and Paul, as majority shareholders, are not using the right way of handling business situations. The action against Larry cannot be seen in isolation because other minority shareholders, that is, Carl, Mark and Jennifer too have their own problems with Sam and Paul. Thus, there is the possibility that the action against Larry is just a tip in the iceberg of Sam and Paul's strong-arm policy aimed at disciplinary measures or removal of the minority shareholders. Sam and Paul have also not talked to Larry and given him the opportunity to explain his position. Sam and Paul have simply come to the conclusion that it is not possible to carry on with Larry because his service has proved expensive. Hence, in Sam and Paul's view, the company has to discontinue with Larry's services. Nonetheless, Averno Ltd is an established corporation. A corporation is described as a person in a political capacity created by law, to endure perpetually. For non-binding external actions or transactions, corporations enjoy the same latitude as private individuals. But it is in the internal affairs that one sees advantage or disadvantages in the corporation. Sam and Paul's actions do not appear to augur well for Averno. Larry now has the legal option to file a suit as minority shareholder in accordance with the rule in Foss versus Harbottle (A summary of the law on minority shareholder protection) Under the case of Foss versus Harbottle, Larry can file a suit as representing Averno Ltd and carry the case to its logical end. There appears to be undue haste on the part of Sam and Paul to have signed an exclusive contract with Megabit Consultancy Ltd. In the first place, they have not adhered to the important provision of its Articles of Association. Secondly, they have placed themselves precariously in a situation where they could be jumping from the proverbial frying pan into the fire. There is no mention about Megabit's rates. Obviously, their rates are attractive as compared to Larry's rates. Nonetheless, the fact that Larry is a shareholder in Averno does not seem to have made any impression on Sam and Paul. It is pertinent to note that Sam and Paul ought to have signed up with Megabit after consulting Larry. There is a clause in the Articles of Association that mentions Larry is the consultant for information technology in Averno. Sam and Paul ought to suitably amend this c lause after calling a special meeting. If the company means business and wants to excel in the sphere of information technology be it networking, web designing, databases, maintenance, application, projects, or procurement, then it must follow the rules and ensure that the relevant point is amended in its Articles of Association (ITC - The Information Technology Consultancy). Sam and Paul must call a meeting of the board and have a special resolution passed to the effect that Larry's services are not needed anymore. It remains to be seen how they wish to induct Megabit.

Galileo's Distinction Between Science and Religion Essay

Galileo's Distinction Between Science and Religion - Essay Example He talks of the need for such a distinction in the light of the events that had led him to be at the centre of a controversy regarding the position of the celestial bodies in relation to the earth. Many were of the opinion that his views contradicted those of the Bible. According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, these times followed eras where science and theology existed together in harmony (Sickler). This harmony however, tilted the balance in favor of theology and the scriptures on more occasions than not. This led to the stunted development of science in many ways. It is such a scenario that Galileo critiques in his letter and he also comments on the vested interests that had started to operate the forces of the church. He thus, takes the social and material conditions of the church into account while talking about the conflict that had developed between science and religion during his times. While evaluating Galileo’s position, thus, one also has to keep in min d the historical aspects of the seventeenth century. Galileo’s main objection against the intermingling of the interests of science and religion lay in the fact that most of the people who would sit in judgment over the work of a scientist were not qualified to do so. Galileo’s objections are thus, rooted in an urge to allocate duties and functions in a society to the people who are most worthy for it. The ones who accuse Galileo of blasphemy are the ones that do not possess any knowledge of how to assess a book of science. According to Galileo, such people are likely to condemn a work of science â€Å"without understanding it, weighing it, or so much as reading it† (Galilei, 87). Such people are not capable of judging anything but matters that relate strictly to theology. As such, a divide should be effected between science and religion, according to the letter to the Duchess from Galileo. Galileo thus, is one of the first to argue for the introduction of speci alization in different fields. The humanist spirit of the times in which Galileo lived was one of the reasons as to why he argued for the separation of the sciences from religion. Science for Galileo was a field that had endless possibilities that could be exploited to a great extent. Religion, on the other hand was a strict set of rules that prevented this very mobility that was a part of the scientific project of the Renaissance. This was probably why Galileo wanted a separation between the two areas- it would lead to greater freedom for the scientists. They could also assume greater power in the working of the society and thus, be able to assume a position that was similar in the power that it wielded, to the church. An urge to improve one’s position not just in a spiritual sense but also in the monetary and materialist sense was something that the humanist spirit taught people to possess. The letter emphasizes the need for people who were a part of the church to understan d their sphere of work and not act as a result of their vested interests. Galileo talks of how Copernicus was understood during his own times. However, in the seventeenth century, theologians had started to take advantage of certain circumstances and had started to condemn Copernicus without so much as understanding the theories that were discovered and advanced by this scientist and theologian. Religion was something that the church derived from the bible and its teachings. Galileo debates the literal understandings of religion that were endorsed by the church. The word of God, according to Galileo, cannot be understood in a literal way and thus, much of the meaning of

Mathematics, the Connection Between Art and Science Essay Example for Free

Mathematics, the Connection Between Art and Science Essay Although there are many differences that set art and science apart, they share one undeniable commonality. This bond that is present between what is otherwise considered as polar opposites is mathematics. As shown in Professor Vesna’s lecture, mathematics is imperative to the development of art. Through math, artists have come to understand perspective, proportion, and geometrics. In terms of science, mathematics is the foundation which every theory stands upon. Nature, humans, and the digital world would have been impossible to comprehend without numbers to bridge the gap between the unknown and the understood. Truly, mathematics is ubiquitous and continues to prove its importance to this day. A novel amalgamation that consists of mathematics, art, and science is music. Milkman, an artist of the mash-up genre, is a musician that samples different songs and digitally combines them to form a brand new track. In a way, his work is described as an example of cross synthesis or convultion which according to Burk is some aspect of one sound superimposed on another. To harmoniously combine two different songs, one must fully understand every possible correlation in terms of rhythm, melody, and lyrics. And with mathematics and science making the technology available, the art of mashing up songs has become readily accessible and requires only creativity to create the next hit single. Mathematics has almost an infinite range of applications in society today. For example, Robert Lang presents mathematics as part of the core that drives origami, the art of folding paper. Lang shows that complexity is irrelevant; with mathematics to dictate origami, anything can be shaped. Because of its practicality of compacting large things, origami is used in various sectors of science which include telescope lens packing and heart stents. Another example of math’s prevalence is Theo Jansen’s presentation on his kinetic sculptures. His biological art, able to move independently, essentially redefines the wheel. Not only is it artistic but also it is a masterpiece of engineering; just a simple push can propel a massively heavy structure across difficult terrain. It is evident that math not only facilitates the evolution of artistic creations but also helps apply them as potential solutions to problems of today.

The merging of Colgate and Palmolive

The merging of Colgate and Palmolive COMPANY BACKGROUND Colgate-Palmolive Company CP is an American diversified multinational corporation focused on the production, distribution and provision of household, health care and personal products, such as soaps, detergents, and oral hygiene products (including toothpaste and toothbrushes). Under its Hills brand, it is also a manufacturer of veterinary products. History In 1806, William Colgate, himself a soap and candle maker, opened up a starch, soap, and candle factory on Dutch Street in New York City under the name of William Colgate Company. In the 1840s, the firm began selling individual bars in uniform weights. In 1857, William Colgate died and the company was reorganized as Colgate Company under the management of Samuel Colgate, his son. In 1872, Colgate introduced Cashmere Bouquet, a perfumed soap. In 1873, the firm introduced its first toothpaste, aromatic toothpaste sold in jars. His company sold the first toothpaste in a tube, Colgate Ribbon Dental Cream, in 1896. By 1908 they initiated mass selling of toothpaste in tubes. In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the B.J. Johnson Company was making a soap entirely of palm and olive oil, the formula of which was developed by B.J. Johnson in 1898. The soap was popular enough to rename their company after it Palmolive. At the turn of the century Palmolive, which contained both palm and olive oils, was the worlds best-selling soap. A Kansas based soap manufacturer known as the Peet Brothers merged with Palmolive to become Palmolive-Peet. In 1928, Palmolive-Peet bought the Colgate Company to create the Colgate-Palmolive-Peet Company. In 1953 Peet was dropped from the title, leaving only Colgate-Palmolive Company, the current name. Colgate-Palmolive has long been in fierce competition with Procter Gamble, the worlds largest soap and detergent maker. PG introduced its Tide laundry detergent shortly after World War II, and thousands of consumers turned from Colgates soaps to the new product. Colgate lost its number one place in the toothpaste market when PG started putting fluoride in its toothpaste. In the beginning of television, Colgate-Palmolive wished to compete with Procter Gamble as a sponsor of soap operas. Although the company sponsored many shows in part, they were most famous for being the full sponsor of the serial The Doctors. George Henry Lesch was president, CEO, and chairman of the board of Colgate-Palmolive in the 1960s and 1970s, and during that time transformed it into a modern company with major restructuring. In 2006, Colgate-Palmolive announced the intended acquisition of Toms of Maine, a leading maker of natural toothpaste, for US $100M. Toms of Maine was founded by Tom Chappell in 1970. Today, Colgate has numerous subsidiary organizations spanning 200 countries, but it is publicly listed in only two, the United States and India. In June 2007, phony Colgate toothpaste imported from China was found to be contaminated with diethylene glycol, and several people in eastern U.S. reported experiencing headaches and pain after using the product. The tainted products can be identified by the claim to be manufactured in South Africa by Colgate-Palmolive South Africa LTD, they are 5oz/100ml tubes (a size which Colgate does not sell in the United States) and the tubes/packaging contains numerous misspellings on their labels. Colgate-Palmolive claims that they do not import their products from South Africa into the United States or Canada and that DEG is never and was never used in any of their products anywhere in the world. The counterfeit products were found in smaller mom and pop stores, dollar stores and discount stores in at least four states. Colgate people around the world have built a reputation as a successful company with the highest ethical standards. Through living our values of Caring, Global Teamwork, and Continuous Improvement, and adhering to the highest principles of integrity, honor, and concern for the environment and others, we seek to: Provide safe and quality products of value to consumers Increase shareholder value Offer opportunities for personal and professional growth to all Colgate people Fulfill our corporate social responsibilities as a member of the global community Factors affecting the Business: Government Factors: Government does not have much influence on the FMCG industry in terms of regulations. There are consumer protection laws but they are not implemented as they should be. There are not much regulations involved in this industry. Only the companies which are listed on the stock exchange have to follow the regulations under the Companies Ordinance 1984. So the new entrants Political factors: Political factors are influencing this industry because the recent and order conditions have affected the whole economy which in turn affected the industry. Many of the factories of the big companies were burnt after the assassination of Benazir. Economic factors: The overall economy of the country is showing a stable growth. Therefore this industry is also showing a growth of 10%. But the inflation is growing rapidly which is not a good sign for the new entrants. Change in the interest rate also affects the industry. Hence the new entrants are also threatened by the increasing interest rates. Social trends: The social trends are in favor of this industry. Mass awareness is created through media. So people are shifting from their traditional methods of washing clothes, skin care etc to the modern methods. This is a good sign for the new entrants. People have become more educated and health conscious. High population growth is another opportunity for the new entrants. Technological change: The technology can support this industry well. If the whole system can be automated from the import of raw material to the finished goods then it would save time and money. This is a good sign for the new entrants. But in this industry technology does not play a major role because the traditional formulae of soap or toothpaste are not that much complicated INTRODUCTION Effective management is the key to the establishment and growth of the business. The key to successful management is to examine the marketplace environment and create employment and profit opportunities that provide the potential growth and financial viability of the business. Despite the importance of management, this area is often misunderstood and poorly implemented, primarily because people focus on the output rather than the process of management. Toward the end of the 1980s, business managers became absorbed in improving product quality, sometimes ignoring their role vis-a-vis personnel. The focus was on reducing costs and increasing output, while ignoring the long-term benefits of motivating personnel. This shortsighted view tended to increase profits in the short term, but created a dysfunctional long-term business environment. Simultaneously with the increase in concern about quality, entrepreneurship attracted the attention of business. A sudden wave of successful entrepreneurs seemed to render earlier management concepts obsolete. The popular press focused on the new cult heroes Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniack (creators and developers of the Apple Computer) while ignoring the marketing and organizing talents of Mike Markula, the executive responsible for Apples business plan.* The story of two guys selling their Volkswagen bus to build the first Apple computer was more romantic than that of the organizational genius that enabled Apple to develop, market and ship its products while rapidly becoming a major corporation. In large businesses, planning is essential for developing a firms potential. However, many small businesses do not recognize the need for long-range plans, because the small number of people involved in operating the business implies equal responsibility in the planning and decision-making processes. Nevertheless, the need for planning is as important in a small business as it is in a large one. This publication focuses on the importance of good management practices. Specifically, it addresses the responsibilities of managing the external and internal environments. It can provide a basis for confronting the challenges of the 1990s. 3.0 Critical issue / problem for today business: Every new day bring the challenge for any business person, because to stay alive in the market you need to fight efficiently and smartly, as the world moving; complexity in every aspect of life is increase though technology has improved along but as much we belong to technology we get more depended. Following are the hot buttons for today business, and every business men more or less facing and struggling. Political instability and involvement: Every government is eager to impose taxes to earn more and more profit, due to recent shock of recession most of the industries are move toward bankruptcy or liquidate just because of high taxes and less benefit given by the government. It is common these day small business or large organization owners to be unaware of current legal issues that can hit them because continuous changes in the business policies and implication by the governments put them in trouble. The problem is that legal trouble can cost them. It can even cost you your business. After 9/11 money laundering and other compliance issues are more dealt in the organization standard operating procedure. Poverty and inequality of income: Due to high inflation and high unemployment rate continuously hitting the poverty level to increase, and that all because of inequality of income, contrary as the inflation increase the cost of business will also increase that thing put the pressure on the business man to reduce the prices because consumer start searching for alternative. Ethical issues in business: Ethics and moral compulsion are something that we all come across at one time or another. Contractual agreement not to exhibit unethical behavior. Releasing products with defects should be informed to the customers.   Even in a professional setting, all persons should act in a manner that would uphold the good of society. Every businesses have their own code of ethics and the individuals within that business have adhere the compliance of the code conduct most of the organization investing lot of resource in order to maintain the ethic and code of conduct within the organization, even though regulatory bodies also penalized the organization if in case of non compliance. Ethical behavior in business is consistent with the principles, norms, and standards of business practice that have been agreed upon by society. Constantly Changing Economic Environment: Dynamic economic environment is a night mare for the Contemporary business, because already exist giant in the market is a serious threat for them, because most of them have made cartel and create obstacle for the new business men to enter in the market or survival. Economical changes like inflation , Balance of payment, unemployment and poverty is also hindrance for the growth of business, for the fighting against all these indicators, entrepreneur need specific skill and knowledge, because without that he / she cannot be able to run the business smoothly. Risk Management: Every organization is susceptible to low probability events that could have a potentially catastrophic effect. A small or new business is no exception although it is easy to ignore the probability of such events under the pressures of developing and maintaining a business. Identifying and quickly dealing with such unlikely events is primarily the responsibility of management. Also only management has the ability to assess the full potential impact of these events on the overall organization. Some of the potentially disastrous events that may affect your business are listed below. Theft of property Breach of laws Computer crimes Fraud Weather related damage Determine how vulnerable your business is to these and other such risks by assessing their probability and impact. Consider actions that you can take to lower the probability of their occurring, i.e. ways to control your risk. Review the checklist each year to ensure the future of your firm is not imperiled through neglect. Developing and Mentoring Employees: Managing the employees / labor is the critical issue for the business men in these days because as the dynamic environment is coming around, for competing with that we need to keep our staff in the phase of learning, and continuous training is required to make them up to date. Even though you may discover that certain events are affecting your business, be careful not to change the organizational structure of your firm without discussing it with your management team. Employees generally can accomplish goals despite organizational structures imposed by management. Because restructuring involves spending a lot of time learning new rules and implementing a new organizational structure is costly. The actual problem comes when the employee / labor are unwilling to change and create hindrance in the way, so fighting with this problem is the main issue for the entrepreneurs. 5. Negotiating and Managing Critical Relationships with stake holders: Developing / maintaining the relationship with all the stake holders is the important thing for the entrepreneurs because each and every one has its own importance, and without making good relation with them survival is difficult, for all the building relationship entrepreneurs need to have the negotiation and communication skills. Every day we have noticed that lots of entrepreneurs were lost their businesses just because they are lack with these skills and for understanding the critical relation with the stakeholders we must need to understand the importance, if we neglect the customers, so we lose business, if we neglect the good supplier so we lose the quality, if we neglect the distributor so we lose the perfection is services, and finally if we neglect the Government so we have to ready for the sanctions and implication / charges / penalties / abandon of business Managing global operation: When organizations become global they often end up paying a heavy price in terms of managing complex managerial issues and challenges. Host country languages Host Country Norms and Customs. Workforce management Unfamiliar laws and regulations. Unexpected Cost mix. Globalization has affected most of country business tremendously. A number of Multi National Corporations are operating and functioning in most part of the world. It is important to spend some time in understanding how globalization makes it necessary and pertinent for a MNC to disperse and spread its scope and function of Operation. It would be more correct if try to understand the philosophy of MNCs not operating in certain regions or certain particular countries. The western worlds call these the disadvantages of Globalization, if an organization decides to pack up its business and leave a host company. The common disadvantages which lead to a MNC forgoing globalization includes. Handing over proprietary Technology to host countries. Political risks. Poor Employee (Managers and worker) skills. Slow customer response time. Effective communication between interfaces difficult Competition with others Organization: Businesses since the beginning of time have competed against each other. On the basis of competition, various types of market exist for nearly all lines of products and services. We already know that absolute monopoly and perfect competition type of markets are not that pervasive, yet businesses try to avoid perfect competition and strive to go for absolute monopoly so they can enjoy no competition and exploit the customer sentiments for buying. We can identify the following common and widespread ways in which organizations can compete against other organizations. 1. Price: In our day to day routine observations, we often see that a lower price would attract more customers provided the product or service fulfils its intended use. Lower price helps an organization to increase its customer base. 2. Quality: is an important dimension by which superior raw materials as well as high Skillman ship would ensure that product manufactured or service developed is offered to the customer with something extra. That something extra is nothing else but Quality is always offered free of cost, we will discuss this when we study in details Quality Management and Total Quality Management. 3. Product: Differentiation refers to special features that make the product or service look more suitable to the customers like an automobile manufacturer decides to provide GPS system to selected customer at an additional price etc. 4. Flexibility is the ability to respond to changes. It may refer to changes in target sales, product feature like adding GPS device to all automobiles 5. Time refers to the period required to provide a product or service to a customer from the moment the order is booked to the delivery, also time required to rectify a shortcoming or mistake Common reasons why organization Fail: We can identify certain familiar reasons why Organizations fail to achieve a competitive advantage and end up losing out to their competitors. These reasons are universal in nature and find the same footing in Pakistan as well as any other place in the world. 1. Too much emphasis on short-term financial performance. Quite often, cost cutting, profit maximizing at the cost of social responsibility or employee motivation is a failed strategy pursued by organizations, which just hastens their status to oblivion. 2. Failing to take advantage of strengths and opportunities. This is in reality failing to hold on to proven successful strategies or core competencies. Sometimes a change in leadership leads to change in strategy, where just for the sake of glory and high profits, organizations forget their core competence and opt for strategies and tactic which cause their downfall. 3. Failing to recognize competitive threats. This reason is the exact opposite of failure to make use of the organizations strengths. Quite often organizations decide to pursue status quo and ends up bringing no new product or service or even no innovation in its existing product or service line leading to lack of customer satisfaction, decline in profits and finally being declared a failure. 4. Neglecting operations strategy. This is definitely the most important reason of failure; organizations often end up employing non productive techniques which lead to inconsistent and failed operations. 5. Too much emphasis in product and service design and not enough on improvement. Differentiation in terms of service and product, American companies in 1980s did that they never introduced incremental refinements rather went for big changes and thus lost to Japanese competitors. 6. Neglecting investments in capital and human resources. A total disregard to use the best resource Capital and human resources in the long run make or break an organization. 4.0 Conclusion: Successful management is founded on the mastery of a myriad of details and the success of the business is depended on the efficient management of all the resources and to make decision for best optimal purpose. While management schools teach the importance of focusing attention on major issues affecting the business, practical managers realize the major issues are the variety of small aspects that form the business. The small mistake leas to the business in to unrecoverable losses or bankruptcy, In an increasingly structured society, inattention to even one minor detail can result in significant disruption of the business or even its failure.